[Commentary on Symptoms severity profile and expectations in hyperactive bladder patients. VHEXPECTA Study.] / Comentario sobre perfil de severidad sintomática y expectativas en pacientes con vejiga hiperactiva. Estudio VHEXPECTA.

Estimado Editor: Escribimos esta carta en relación al artículo publicado en su revista el pasado mes de Julio de 2020, por Castro-Díaz et al., titulado "Perfil de severidad sintomática y expectativas en pacientes con vejiga hiperactiva. Estudio VHEXPECTA" (1), y que hemos leído con gran interés. A propósito de este trabajo creemos conveniente ampliar la información ofrecida por sus autores, y plantear una serie de consideraciones por nuestra parte.

Estimado Editor: Escribimos esta carta en relación al artículo publicado en su revista el pasado mes de Julio de2020, por Castro-Díaz et al., titulado "Perfil de severidad sintomática y expectativas en pacientes convejiga hiperactiva. Estudio VHEXPECTA" (1), y que hemos leído con gran interés. A propósito de estetrabajo creemos conveniente ampliar la información ofrecida por sus autores, y plantear una serie deconsideraciones por nuestra parte.

Update on sacral neuromodulation and overactive bladder in pediatrics: A systematic review. / Puesta al día en neuromodulación y vejiga hiperactiva en pediatría: una revisión sistemática.

OBJECTIVES: Sacral electrical stimulation has been used for more than a century as an alternative therapy for adult urinary syndromes. In the literature, several studies have validated the efficacy of this technique based on clinical and urodynamic criteria. Nevertheless, few studies have shown beneficial results in children with overactive bladder. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a systematic review of studies assessing the impact of sacral electroestimulation treatment on overactive bladder in children. The search identified 389 potentially eligible items. Of them, 14 studies published between 2001and 2019 met the study criteria and were selected for systematic review. RESULTS: All of papers included in this review individually demonstrated a high efficiency rate with good shortterm results, as well as safety in its use due to its minimalrate of adverse effects. However, the comparison of the results obtained in all of them was not possible because the high variety and heterogeneity in the different studies. The main limitation is that there is still no standard protocol for the application of this therapy in the pediatric population. CONCLUSION: This review revealed the promising benefits of sacral electroneuromodulation in pediatric patients with overactive bladder. However, more studies with strictly meet pediatric overactive bladder diagnosis and management criteria should be done to protocolize and clarify the effectiveness of this therapeutic approach.

OBJETIVO: La estimulación eléctrica a nivel sacro ha sido usada durante más de un siglo como una alternativa terapéutica más en el manejo de los síndromes urinarios entre la población adulta. A lo largo de la literatura múltiples estudios han corroborado la eficacia de esta técnica, basándose en resultados clínicos y criterios urodinámicos. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que analizan los potenciales beneficios de esta modalidad terapéutica en niños con vejiga hiperactiva.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Realizamos una revisión sistemática de los estudios que analizan el impacto de la electroestimulación nerviosa sacra en el tratamiento de la vejiga hiperactiva en pediatría. La búsqueda identificó 389 trabajos potencialmente elegibles. De entre todos ellos, 14 estudios publicados entre 2001 y 2019 reunieron los criterios adecuados para ser seleccionados y formaron parte de la presente revisión sistemática. RESULTADOS: Todos los estudios incluidos en esta revisión demostraron de forma individual la alta eficacia y unos buenos resultados a corto plazo con esta terapia, así como su seguridad, dada la baja tasa de efectos adversos de la misma. Sin embargo, la comparación de estos resultados en todos estos estudios no fue posible, debido a la gran variedad y heterogeneidad en la metodología y la forma de expresión de los resultados entre todos ellos. El motivo que genera esta gran diversidad de resultados entre los diferentes trabajos incluidos en esta revisión es la falta de un protocolo estándar para la aplicación de esta terapia en la población pediátrica.CONCLUSIÓN: En conclusión, esta revisión revela los prometedores beneficios de la electroterapia nerviosaa nivel sacro en los pacientes pediátricos con vejiga hiperactiva. Sin embargo, es necesario realizar más estudios que analicen los efectos de este tratamiento. La metodología de los mismos deberá ser estricta, con unos criterios estandarizados sobre la inclusión de los pacientes, el diagnóstico de vejiga hiperactiva, y la medición de la eficacia obtenida. Así, será posible realizar protocolos de aplicación de esta modalidad terapéutica, y sus efectos podrán ser esclarecidos.

Update on sacral neuromodulation and overactive bladder in pediatrics: a systematic review / Actualización en neuromodulación sacra y vejiga hiperactiva en pediatría: una revisión sistemática

Objetives: Sacral electrical stimulationhas been used for more than a century as an alternativetherapy for adult urinary syndromes. In the literature, several studies have validated the efficacy of this techniquebased on clinical and urodynamic criteria. Nevertheless,few studies have shown beneficial results in children withoveractive bladder.Material and methods: We performed a systematic review of studies assessing the impact of sacralelectroestimulation treatment on overactive bladder inchildren. The search identified 389 potentially eligibleitems. Of them, 14 studies published between 2001and 2019 met the study criteria and were selected forsystematic review. Results: All of papers included in this review individually demonstrated a high efficiency rate with good shortterm results, as well as safety in its use due to its minimalrate of adverse effects. However, the comparison of theresults obtained in all of them was not possible becausethe high variety and heterogeneity in the different studies. The main limitation is that there is still no standardprotocol for the application of this therapy in the pediatric population.Conclusions: This review revealed the promisingbenefits of sacral electroneuromodulation in pediatricpatients with overactive bladder. However, more studieswith strictly meet pediatric overactive bladder diagnosisand management criteria should be done to protocolizeand clarify the effectiveness of this therapeutic approach.(AU)

Objetivos: La estimulación eléctrica a nivel sacro ha sido usada durante más de un siglo comouna alternativa terapéutica más en el manejo de los síndromes urinarios entre la población adulta. A lo largode la literatura múltiples estudios han corroborado la eficacia de esta técnica, basándose en resultados clínicosy criterios urodinámicos. Sin embargo, son escasos losestudios que analizan los potenciales beneficios de estamodalidad terapéutica en niños con vejiga hiperactiva.Material y métodos: Realizamos una revisión sistemática de los estudios que analizan el impacto de laelectroestimulación nerviosa sacra en el tratamiento de a vejiga hiperactiva en pediatría. La búsqueda identi-ficó 389 trabajos potencialmente elegibles. De entretodos ellos, 14 estudios publicados entre 2001 y 2019reunieron los criterios adecuados para ser seleccionados y formaron parte de la presente revisión sistemática.Resultados: Todos los estudios incluidos en esta revisión demostraron de forma individual la alta eficacia yunos buenos resultados a corto plazo con esta terapia,así como su seguridad, dada la baja tasa de efectosadversos de la misma. Sin embargo, la comparaciónde estos resultados en todos estos estudios no fue posible, debido a la gran variedad y heterogeneidad en lametodología y la forma de expresión de los resultadosentre todos ellos. El motivo que genera esta gran diversidad de resultados entre los diferentes trabajos incluidosen esta revisión es la falta de un protocolo estándarpara la aplicación de esta terapia en la población pediátrica.Conclusion: En conclusión, esta revisión revela losprometedores beneficios de la electroterapia nerviosaa nivel sacro en los pacientes pediátricos con vejigahiperactiva. Sin embargo, es necesario realizar másestudios que analicen los efectos de este tratamiento.La metodología de los mismos deberá ser estricta, conunos criterios estandarizados sobre la inclusión de los...(AU)

Influence of constipation on enuresis.

INTRODUCTION: Constipation has classically been considered as a risk factor of enuresis, although there are increasingly more publications that report a similar prevalence of constipation in both enuretics and non-enuretics. OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of constipation in monosymptomatic and non-monosymptomatic enuresis, and to find out the prevalence of the three disorders, as well as the lower urinary tract dysfunction and bladder-bowel dysfunction in the population. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross-sectional observational prevalence study on a representative population sample of 5-9 year-old school boys and girls of Galicia, Spain. A questionnaire was completed in the schools on urinary and bowel habits, which included questions from the Paediatric Lower Urinary Tract Scoring System (PLUTSS) diagnostic questionnaire and grading of the lower urinary tract dysfunctions. The enuresis was diagnosed using the International Children's Continence Society (ICSS), and if it was also associated with diurnal symptoms, it was also classified as non-monosymptomatic enuresis. The constipation was evaluated using the Rome III criteria and the adapted Bristol stool scale. RESULTS: A total of 772 questionnaires were included in the study. The prevalence of constipation was 20% and that of enuresis was 9.1% (62.9% monosymptomatic enuresis and 37.1% non-monosymptomatic), with the prevalence of bladder-bowel dysfunction being 5.2%. It was observed that constipation had no influence on the presence of monosymptomatic enuresis, but it did have an influence on non-monosymptomatic enuresis and lower urinary tract dysfunctions, where it was a significant risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: The differential diagnosis between monosymptomatic and non-monosymptomatic enuresis is essential in the initial evaluation of the patient with enuresis, since the therapeutic management and the characteristics of both disorders are different, with constipation only being a risk factor in cases of non-monosymptomatic enuresis.

Influencia del estreñimiento en la enuresis monosintomática y en el síndrome enurético / Influence of constipation on monosymptomatic enuresis and in enuretic syndrome

Introducción: Clásicamente se ha considerado el estreñimiento como un factor de riesgo de la enuresis, aunque cada vez hay más publicaciones que reportan una prevalencia de estreñimiento similar en enuréticos y no enuréticos. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del estreñimiento en la enuresis monosintomática y la no monosintomática y conocer la prevalencia de las 3 entidades así como de disfunciones del trato urinario inferior y disfunción vesicointestinal en la población. Material y método: Estudio observacional transversal de prevalencia sobre una muestra representativa de la población gallega de niños y niñas escolarizados de 5 a 9años. Se realizó una encuesta en los colegios sobre hábitos miccionales e intestinales que incluía las preguntas del cuestionario Paediatric Lower Urinary Tract Scoring System (PLUTSS) de diagnóstico y graduación de las disfunciones del tracto urinario inferior. Se consideró la enuresis según los criterios de la Sociedad Internacional para la Continencia en Niños (ICSS), y si además asociaba sintomatología diurna, se clasificó como enuresis no monosintomática. El estreñimiento se valoró de acuerdo con los criterios Roma III y la escala de heces de Bristol adaptados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 772 encuestas en el estudio. La prevalencia de estreñimiento fue del 20%, la de enuresis del 9,1% (enuresis monosintomática 62,9% y no monosintomática 37,1%) y la de disfunción vesicointestinal del 5,2%. Observamos que el estreñimiento no influye en la presencia de enuresis monosintomática, pero sí en la enuresis no monosintomática y las disfunciones del trato urinario inferior, donde constituye un importante factor de riesgo. (AU)

Introduction: Constipation has classically been considered as a risk factor of enuresis, although there are increasingly more publications that report a similar prevalence of constipation in both enuretics and non-enuretics. Objective: To determine the influence of constipation in monosymptomatic and non-monosymptomatic enuresis, and to find out the prevalence of the three disorders, as well the lower urinary tract dysfunction and bladder-bowel dysfunction in the population. Material and method: A cross-sectional observational prevalence study on a representative population sample of 5 to 9 year-old school boys and girls of Galicia, Spain. A questionnaire was completed in the schools on urinary and bowel habits, which included questions from the Paediatric Lower Urinary Tract Scoring System (PLUTSS) diagnostic questionnaire and grading of the lower urinary tract dysfunctions. The enuresis was diagnosed using the International Children's Continence Society (ICSS), and if it was also associated with diurnal symptoms, it was also classified as non-monosymptomatic enuresis. The constipation was evaluated using the Rome III criteria and the adapted Bristol stool scale. Results: A total of 772 questionnaires were included in the study. The prevalence of constipation was 20% and that of enuresis was 9.1% (62.9% monosymptomatic enuresis and 37.1% non-monosymptomatic), with the prevalence of bladder-bowel dysfunction being 5.2%. It was observed that constipation had no influence on the presence of monosymptomatic enuresis, but it did have an influence on non-monosymptomatic enuresis and lower urinary tract dysfunctions, where it was a significant risk factor. (AU)

Transcutaneous sacral electrical stimulation versus oxibutynin for the treatment of overactive bladder in children.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays there is still no ideal treatment for paediatric overactive bladder. Initial management measures (urotherapy and constipation control), resolve 40% of cases. The second line of treatment in overactive bladder is anticholinergic drugs, above all oxybutynin. Although most patients improve with these therapies, the complete resolution rate is around 30-40%. Sacral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation has recently emerged as a new alternative in the management of patients with refractory paediatric overactive bladder. However, only a few studies have been done to compare the effectiveness of this therapy versus conventional drugs. OBJETIVE: The objective of the present study is to compare, in children with overactive bladder, the efficacy of the sacral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation versus oxybutynin therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective and randomized study of patients with diagnosis of overactive bladder treated with sacral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation versus oxybutynin, during the period July 2018-July 2020. Patients refractory to standard urotherapy and constipation management randomly received one of the therapeutic alternatives. Treatment was maintained for 6 months. RESULTS: 86 patients were included in the study: 40 patients received electrotherapy (group 1) and 46 patients received oxybutynin (group 2). Before starting the treatment assigned both groups were comparable related to the voiding symptomatology as well as the severity of the overactive bladder. Sacral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation was significantly more effective than oxybutynin, with a higher percentage of complete resolution of symptoms in the management of paediatric overactive bladder. VOIDING DIARY: All the parameters obtained with the voiding calendar significantly improved in both groups at the end of the treatment. The increase in MaVV was significantly higher in group-1. DVISS (DYSFUNCTIONAL VOIDING AND INCONTINENCE SCORING SYSTEM): We observed a progressive decrease in the mean score obtained in the DVISS questionnaire over time in both groups. This decrease was significantly higher in group-1 compared to group-2 (p < 0.005). The mean value obtained in the DVISS questionnaire in group-1 was 6 (interquartile range: 3-9) at the end of the treatment (lower than the diagnostic cut-off point for daytime condition in the DVISS, 8.5). In group-2, the mean value obtained in the DVISS questionnaire was 10 (interquartile range: 8.75-13.25), higher than the cut-off point. COMPLICATIONS: A greater number of adverse effects was obtained in group-2 (26.1% versus 15%, p < 0.05). Constipation (n: 6, 10.9%), and abdominal pain (n: 2,4.3%) were the most frequent adverse effects in this group. The adverse events reported in group-1 were contact dermatitis (n: 1.2%) and fecal losses [2] or urgency [5]. CONCLUSION: Oxybutynin and sacral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation are both effective therapies in the management of paediatric overactive bladder. However, electrotherapy has been shown to be a more effective therapy with a complete clinical resolution rate in a larger number of patients. Furthermore, the rate of adverse effects secondary to electrotherapy is significantly lower than those treated with oxybutynin.

Prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enterocolitis necrosante en recién nacidos menores de 32 semanas al nacimiento en España / Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of necrotising enterocolitis in newborns less than 32 weeks at birth in Spain

OBJETIVO: Describir la prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enterocolitis necrosante en hospitales españoles e identificar puntos fuertes, áreas de mejora y líneas de investigación pendientes. MÉTODOS: Se realizaron 2 encuestas sobre manejo de pacientes en riesgo o diagnóstico de enterocolitis necrosante en recién nacidos pretérmino menores de 32 semanas, distribuidas entre representantes de los cirujanos pediátricos y neonatólogos de los centros participantes en la red española SEN 1500 con Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica. RESULTADOS: El porcentaje de respuestas fue del 77,1% y del 88,6% entre los cirujanos y neonatólogos contactados, respectivamente. El 52% de los hospitales dispone de un protocolo de diagnóstico y manejo médico de la enterocolitis y el 33% uno sobre tratamiento quirúrgico. El acceso a leche de banco y disponer de personal dedicado a la promoción de la lactancia materna es común (87%), por el contrario, la ligadura tardía de cordón solo se realiza en el 52% de los centros y en un 23% se administran probióticos. La ecografía abdominal está cada vez más extendida. No hay grandes diferencias en cuanto a la duración de los antibióticos y del reposo intestinal, pero sí en cuanto a los antibióticos seleccionados, la indicación quirúrgica y el tipo de intervención. CONCLUSIONES: La implementación de la ligadura tardía de cordón y la extensión del acceso a leche de banco son áreas de mejora en el aspecto preventivo. En cuanto al diagnóstico y tratamiento existe una gran división que afecta precisamente a las áreas donde la evidencia en la literatura es menor

OBJECTIVES: To describe preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies regarding necrotising enterocolitis in Spain and to identify the strengths, areas of further improvement, and future research lines. METHODS: Two questionnaires on the management of preterm infants less than 32 weeks, at risk of, or with diagnosed necrotising enterocolitis, were distributed among selected representatives of the surgeons and neonatologists of the Spanish Neonatal Network (SEN1500) participant hospitals with a Paediatric Surgery Department. RESULTS: Percentage of response was 77.1% of contacted surgeons and 88.6% of neonatologists. There is a written protocol on the diagnosis and medical management of necrotising enterocolitis in 52% of the hospitals, and as regards surgical treatment in 33%. There is wide access to donor bank milk and to staff dedicated to breastfeeding promotion (87%). On the contrary, only 52% of the centres perform delayed cord clamping, and probiotics are used in just 23%. The use of abdominal ultrasound is increasing. There are no large differences as regards duration of antibiotic use and bowel rest, whereas there was as regards antibiotic selection, surgical indication, and type of intervention. CONCLUSIONS: As regards prevention, delayed cord clamping and extended access to donor milk are two possible aspects of further improvement. The observed discrepancies noted in diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are common in precisely the areas where evidence in the literature is weakest

[Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of necrotising enterocolitis in newborns less than 32 weeks at birth in Spain]. / Prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enterocolitis necrosante en recién nacidos menores de 32 semanas al nacimiento en España.

OBJECTIVES: To describe preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies regarding necrotising enterocolitis in Spain and to identify the strengths, areas of further improvement, and future research lines. METHODS: Two questionnaires on the management of preterm infants less than 32 weeks, at risk of, or with diagnosed necrotising enterocolitis, were distributed among selected representatives of the surgeons and neonatologists of the Spanish Neonatal Network (SEN1500) participant hospitals with a Paediatric Surgery Department. RESULTS: Percentage of response was 77.1% of contacted surgeons and 88.6% of neonatologists. There is a written protocol on the diagnosis and medical management of necrotising enterocolitis in 52% of the hospitals, and as regards surgical treatment in 33%. There is wide access to donor bank milk and to staff dedicated to breastfeeding promotion (87%). On the contrary, only 52% of the centres perform delayed cord clamping, and probiotics are used in just 23%. The use of abdominal ultrasound is increasing. There are no large differences as regards duration of antibiotic use and bowel rest, whereas there was as regards antibiotic selection, surgical indication, and type of intervention. CONCLUSIONS: As regards prevention, delayed cord clamping and extended access to donor milk are two possible aspects of further improvement. The observed discrepancies noted in diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are common in precisely the areas where evidence in the literature is weakest.

Dermal regeneration sheet Integra® in management of recurrent Urethrocutaneous fistula after hypospadias surgery.

BACKGROUND: Urethrocutaneous fistula UCF is the most common complication following surgical repair of hypospadias. Currently, the surgical technique mostly used to prevent recurrence employs preputial dartos or testicular tunica vaginalis flaps as a urethral covering. However, autologous tissues are limited in patients with multiple surgeries, and the use of biomaterials as a urethral coverage may represent a good alternative. OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study is to assess the results and complications of recurrent UCF correction using a dermal bovine regeneration sheet as a urethral covering. MATERIALS AND METHOD: From May 2016 to January 2019, all patients with recurrent UCF of the authors center were repaired using this technique. The inclusion criteria were patients who had undergone one or more unsuccessful UCF repair surgeries and the absence of preputial tissue. The informed consent has been signed by all the patients. Patients were examined in outpatient consultations where their urinary stream was evaluated and a physical examination of the penis was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 12 patients and 13 UCFs were included in the study. The median follow-up was 18 months, (range: 4-26), and only two patients (15%) developed a recurrence of UCF. No complications were observed in the remaining patients (85%) during their evolution. No patient developed a fibrosis increase or loss of elasticity of the tissues in contact with the dermal matrix. CONCLUSION: The use of an Integra® sheet as a urethral covering during urethral fistula surgery appears to be a safe, effective, and easily reproducible option. However, prospective studies with larger numbers of patients should be performed to corroborate these results.

Lámina artificial Integra(R) como cobertura uretral durante la cirugía de secuela de hipospadias / Integra(TM) artificial sheet as urethral covering during surgery for hypospadias sequel

No disponible

[Integra™ artificial sheet as urethral covering during surgery for hypospadias sequel.] / Lámina artificial Integra® como cobertura uretral durante la cirugía de secuela de hipospadias.

Estimado Editor: Escribimos esta carta en relación al artículo publicado en su revista el pasado mes de Diciembre de 2017, por Tardáguila Calvo et al., titulado "Reconstrucción genital con dermis artificial Integra® tras resección radical en un niño con linfangiomatosis difusa" (1), y que hemos leído con gran interés. A propósito de este trabajo creemos conveniente ampliar la información de los autores compartiendo nuestra experiencia previa (2,3).

Estimado Editor: Escribimos esta carta en relación al artículo publicado en su revista el pasado mes de Diciembre de 2017, por Tardáguila Calvo et al., titulado "Reconstrucción genital con dermis artificial Integra® tras resección radical en un niño con linfangiomatosis difusa" (1), y que hemos leído con gran interés. A propósito de este trabajo creemos conveniente ampliar la información de los autores compartiendo nuestra experiencia previa (2,3).

[Comparative analysis of the treatment of mid-shaft and distal hypospadias according to Snodgrass surgical repair and Mathieu technique.] / Reparación quirúrgica de los hipospadias medios y distales: análisis comparativo entre la técnica de Snodgrass versus técnica de Mathieu.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to perform an analysis of the patients who underwent middle and distal penile hypospadias repair using the two most widely used techniques in our Pediatric Urology Unit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We perform a retrospective analysis of patients with a diagnosis of middle penile and distal penile hypospadias and operated by the Snodgrass or Mathieu technique, between 2011 and 2016 ensuring minimal follow-up of one year. We will analyze the use of each one, the results obtained, and the possible factors that could influence their success rate. RESULTS: A total of 80 patients were included in the study, with a median age of 28 months at surgery (Range: 11 to 151). There were 34 patients (42.5%) with Snodgrass technique and there were 46 patients (57.5%) with Mathieu technique. We have not identified statistically significant differences in complications between both surgical techniques. The percentage of fistulas is higher in Snodgrass urethroplasty (12.1% vs 8.9%), decreasing in the last years of the series, at the same time meatal stenosis is higher in Snodgrass technique (3% vs 2.2%) while the meatal retraction is higher in the urethroplasty of Mathieu (20% vs 15.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The exhaustive selection of patients seems the key in the succesful correction of these types of hypospadias. Despite both techniques are comparable in terms of the type of patient in which they could be applied and both techniques present similar rates in terms of fistulas and stenosis/retractions of the neomeatus (most frequent complications in this type of repairs), we consider that the characteristics of the patient should be prioritized before the preference of the surgeon to reach higher success rates.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio es realizar un análisis de los pacientes intervenidos de hipospadias peneanos medios y distales mediante la realización de las dos técnicas más ampliamente utilizadas en nuestra unidad de Urología Pediátrica: técnica de Mathieu versus técnica de Snodgrass. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En este trabajo se realiza un análisis retrospectivo de los pacientes con diagnóstico de hipospadias peneano medio y peneano distal, intervenidos mediante la técnica de Snodgrass o técnica de Mathieu, entre los años 2011 y 2016. El seguimiento mínimo de los pacientes, para formar parte de este estudio, fue de 1 año. Analizamos la tasa de empleo de cada técnica quirúrgica, los resultados obtenidos con cada una de ellas, y los factores que podrían influir en la tasa de éxito de las mismas. RESULTADOS: Un total de 80 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. El 42,5% (34 pacientes) fueron intervenidos según la técnica de Snodgrass y el 57,5% (46 pacientes) según la técnica de Mathieu. La edad media de los pacientes en el momento de la intervención fue de 28 meses (Rango: 11-151). No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las complicaciones de ambas técnicas quirúrgicas. El porcentaje de fístulas fue más elevado en la uretroplastia de Snodgrass (12,1% vs 8,9%). Esta complicación sufrió una disminución progresiva en los últimos años de la serie. Así mismo la estenosis meatal también fue más frecuente en la técnica de Snodgrass (3% vs 2,2%) mientras que la retracción meatal se presenta más frecuentemente tras una corrección según técnica de Mathieu (20% vs 15,2%). CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de ser técnicas comparables en cuanto a indicación, resultados y complicaciones presentando tasas similares en cuanto a fistulas y estenosis/ retracciones del neomeato (complicaciones por excelencia en este tipo de reparaciones), la selección de pacientes según las características del pene, debe ser prioritaria sobre la preferencia del cirujano.

Reparación quirúrgica de los hipospadias medios y distales: análisis comparativo entre la técnica de Snodgrass versus técnica de Mathieu / Comparative analysis of the treatment of mid-shaft and distal hypospadias according to Snodgrass surgical repair and Mathieu technique

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es realizar un análisis de los pacientes intervenidos de hipospadias peneanos medios y distales mediante la realización de las dos técnicas más ampliamente utilizadas en nuestra unidad de Urología Pediátrica: técnica de Mathieu versus técnica de Snodgrass. Material y métodos: En este trabajo se realiza un análisis retrospectivo de los pacientes con diagnóstico de hipospadias peneano medio y peneano distal, intervenidos mediante la técnica de Snodgrass o técnica de Mathieu, entre los años 2011 y 2016. El seguimiento mínimo de los pacientes, para formar parte de este estudio, fue de 1 año. Analizamos la tasa de empleo de cada técnica quirúrgica, los resultados obtenidos con cada una de ellas, y los factores que podrían influir en la tasa de éxito de las mismas. Resultados: Un total de 80 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. El 42,5% (34 pacientes) fueron intervenidos según la técnica de Snodgrass y el 57,5% (46 pacientes) según la técnica de Mathieu. La edad media de los pacientes en el momento de la intervención fue de 28 meses (Rango: 11-151). No existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las complicaciones de ambas técnicas quirúrgicas. El porcentaje de fístulas fue más elevado en la uretroplastia de Snodgrass (12,1% vs 8,9%). Esta complicación sufrió una disminución progresiva en los últimos años de la serie. Así mismo la estenosis meatal también fue más frecuente en la técnica de Snodgrass (3% vs 2,2%) mientras que la retracción meatal se presenta más frecuentemente tras una corrección según técnica de Mathieu (20% vs 15,2%). Conclusiones: A pesar de ser técnicas comparables en cuanto a indicación, resultados y complicaciones presentando tasas similares en cuanto a fistulas y estenosis/ retracciones del neomeato (complicaciones por excelencia en este tipo de reparaciones), la selección de pacientes según las características del pene, debe ser prioritaria sobre la preferencia del cirujano

Objective: The objective of this study is to perform an analysis of the patients who underwent middle and distal penile hypospadias repair using the two most widely used techniques in our Pediatric Urology Unit. Material and methods: We perform a retrospective analysis of patients with a diagnosis of middle penile and distal penile hypospadias and operated by the Snodgrass or Mathieu technique, between 2011 and 2016 ensuring minimal follow-up of one year. We will analyze the use of each one, the results obtained, and the possible factors that could influence their success rate. Results: A total of 80 patients were included in the study, with a median age of 28 months at surgery (Range: 11 to 151). There were 34 patients (42.5%) with Snodgrass technique and there were 46 patients (57.5%) with Mathieu technique. We have not identified statistically significant differences in complications between both surgical techniques. The percentage of fistulas is higher in Snodgrass urethroplasty (12.1% vs 8.9%), decreasing in the last years of the series, at the same time meatal stenosis is higher in Snodgrass technique (3% vs 2.2%) while the meatal retraction is higher in the urethroplasty of Mathieu (20% vs 15.2%). Conclusions: The exhaustive selection of patients seems the key in the succesful correction of these types of hypospadias. Despite both techniques are comparable in terms of the type of patient in which they could be applied and both techniques present similar rates in terms of fistulas and stenosis/retractions of the neomeatus (most frequent complications in this type of repairs), we consider that the characteristics of the patient should be prioritized before the preference of the surgeon to reach higher success rates

Atypical presentation of Leydig cell tumour in three prepubertal patients: diagnosis, treatment and outcomes.

Background Testicular tumours are uncommon in children, accounting for only 1% of all childhood tumours. Prepubertal Leydig cell tumours actively secrete testosterone and as a result, patients typically present with isosexual precocious pseudopuberty, this being the first cause of consultation. We present three cases of Leydig cell tumours in prepubertal patients with an atypical presentation. Methods We studied three cases of Leydig cell tumours in prepubertal boys, who either consulted for testicular asymmetry or were incidentally found to have the tumour in the absence of systemic signs of systemic hyperandrogenism or precocious puberty. In all cases, a well-circumscribed testicular mass was found by testicular ultrasound. The diagnosis was confirmed by histology. In all three cases, testicular enucleation was performed with satisfactory follow-up. Results Following the surgical procedure, during the follow-up, all patients showed a normal testicular volume in comparison with the contralateral testis. No complications were seen during follow-up. Conclusions A testicular ultrasound in children developing asymptomatic testicular asymmetry might be recommended due to its possible hormonal action locally. An early testicular ultrasound, testicular swelling discrepancies, tumour size and androgen production are key factors in the prognosis and management of this type of tumour.

[Analisys of non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction patterns controlled in a Pediatric urodynamic unit.] / Análisis de los patrones de disfunción del tracto urinario inferior no neurógena controlados en una unidad de urodinámica pediátrica.

OBJECTIVES: Between 7-10% of schoolagechildren are seen by specialists for non-neurogeniclower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). The objective ofour study is to classify these functional alterations in difused for the diagnosis and treatment in each pattern. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed patients referredto our Urodynamic Unit for suspected LUTD for3 years; We reviewed epidemiological data, supplementarytest and treatments. We classified these patientsaccording to their diagnosis and we stablished a LUTDpattern. We analyzed the incidence of each pattern andthe differences in the management. RESULTS: We studied 96 patients. The mean age was7.91 years; with 53.1% children and 46.9% girls. Themost frequent symptom was diurnal urinary loss (75%),being also the most common reason for consultation(65%). 35.4% had bladder and bowel dysfunction (constipation35.4% and/or fecal incontinence 12.5%). Theprevalence of overactive bladder (56.4%), followed by:hypoactive bladder (21.9%), uncoordinated urination(6.3%), frequent urination syndrome (6.3%), urinary incontinencewith Laughter (5.2%) and post-void dribbling(2.1%). 51% of the patients presented a postponing habit.In 41.7%, the pathology was resolved with conservativemeasures. 52.1% of patients required anticholinergicsand 11.4% other therapies such as biofeedback. CONCLUSIONS: LUTD is a common disorder that maybe underestimated. The prognosis is favorable in mostcases but serious long-term complications such as renalfailure may occur. The symptoms of LUTD can negativelyaffect the child's psychosocial development. The advancesin the knowledge of this pathology and the differentpatterns of dysfunction have allowed an advance inthe treatment, making it more and more behavioral andpreventive. Patients who do not improve with standardurotherapy recommendations should be referred to specificunits for proper diagnosis and treatment.

OBJETIVOS: El 7-10% de niños en edadescolar son vistos por Disfunción del Tracto Urinario Inferior(DTUI) de origen no neurogénico. Nuestro objetivoes clasificar estas alteraciones en diversos patrones deDTUI y analizar su incidencia; además de describir lastécnicas utilizadas para su diagnóstico y tratamiento.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Revisamos los pacientes remitidosa nuestra Unidad de Urodinámica por sospecha deDTUI durante 3 años; recogiendo datos epidemiológicos,pruebas y tratamientos y los clasificamos según supatrón de DTUI analizando la incidencia de cada unoy las diferencias su manejo. RESULTADOS: Estudiamos 96 pacientes. La edad mediafue 7,91 años; siendo el 53,1% niños y el 46,9%niñas. El síntoma más frecuente fueron pérdidas urinariasdiurnas (75%), siendo también el motivo de consultamás frecuente (65%). El 35,4% tenían clínica vésico-intestinal (estreñimiento 35,4% y/o pérdidas fecales12,5%). El patrón más frecuente fue la vejiga hiperactiva(56,4%), seguida de: vejiga hipoactiva (21,9%),micción no coordinada (6,3%), síndrome de micciónfrecuente (6,3%), incontinencia de la risa (5,2%), incontinenciade esfuerzo (4,2%) y goteo posmiccional(2,1%). El 51% presentan hábito posponedor. En el41,7% se resolvió el cuadro con medidas conservadoras,precisando anticolinérgicos en el 52,1% y otrasterapias como biofeedback en el 11,4%. CONCLUSIONES: La DTUI es un trastorno común quepuede ser infravalorado. Aunque el pronóstico es favorableen la mayoría de los casos, pueden ocurrir complicacionesserias a largo plazo como fallo renal y puederepercutir negativamente en el desarrollo psicosocial.Los avances su conocimiento y los distintos patrones dedisfunción permiten avanzar en el tratamiento haciéndolomás conductual y preventivo. Los pacientes que nomejoran con uroterapia standard deben ser remitidos aUnidades específicas para su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Análisis de los patrones de disfunción del tracto urinario inferior no neurógena controlados en una unidad de urodinámica pediátrica / No disponible

Objetivos: El 7-10% de niños en edad escolar son vistos por Disfunción del Tracto Urinario Inferior (DTUI) de origen no neurogénico. Nuestro objetivo es clasificar estas alteraciones en diversos patrones de DTUI y analizar su incidencia; además de describir las técnicas utilizadas para su diagnóstico y tratamiento. Material y métodos: Revisamos los pacientes remitidos a nuestra Unidad de Urodinámica por sospecha de DTUI durante 3 años; recogiendo datos epidemiológicos, pruebas y tratamientos y los clasificamos según su patrón de DTUI analizando la incidencia de cada uno y las diferencias su manejo. Resultados: Estudiamos 96 pacientes. La edad media fue 7,91 años; siendo el 53,1% niños y el 46,9% niñas. El síntoma más frecuente fueron pérdidas urinarias diurnas (75%), siendo también el motivo de consulta más frecuente (65%). El 35,4% tenían clínica vésico-intestinal (estreñimiento 35,4% y/o pérdidas fecales 12,5%). El patrón más frecuente fue la vejiga hiperactiva (56,4%), seguida de: vejiga hipoactiva (21,9%), micción no coordinada (6,3%), síndrome de micción frecuente (6,3%), incontinencia de la risa (5,2%), incontinencia de esfuerzo (4,2%) y goteo posmiccional (2,1%). El 51% presentan hábito posponedor. En el 41,7% se resolvió el cuadro con medidas conservadoras, precisando anticolinérgicos en el 52,1% y otras terapias como biofeedback en el 11,4%. Conclusiones: La DTUI es un trastorno común que puede ser infravalorado. Aunque el pronóstico es favorable en la mayoría de los casos, pueden ocurrir complicaciones serias a largo plazo como fallo renal y puede repercutir negativamente en el desarrollo psicosocial. Los avances su conocimiento y los distintos patrones de disfunción permiten avanzar en el tratamiento haciéndolo más conductual y preventivo. Los pacientes que no mejoran con uroterapia standard deben ser remitidos a Unidades específicas para su diagnóstico y tratamiento

Objectives: Between 7-10% of schoolage children are seen by specialists for non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). The objective of our study is to classify these functional alterations in different patterns of LUTD and to analyze the techniques used for the diagnosis and treatment in each pattern. Material and methods: We reviewed patients referred to our Urodynamic Unit for suspected LUTD for 3 years; We reviewed epidemiological data, supplementary test and treatments. We classified these patients according to their diagnosis and we stablished a LUTD pattern. We analyzed the incidence of each pattern and the differences in the management. Results: We studied 96 patients. The mean age was 7.91 years; with 53.1% children and 46.9% girls. The most frequent symptom was diurnal urinary loss (75%), being also the most common reason for consultation (65%). 35.4% had bladder and bowel dysfunction (constipation 35.4% and/or fecal incontinence 12.5%). The prevalence of overactive bladder (56.4%), followed by: hypoactive bladder (21.9%), uncoordinated urination (6.3%), frequent urination syndrome (6.3%), urinary incontinence with Laughter (5.2%) and post-void dribbling (2.1%). 51% of the patients presented a postponing habit. In 41.7%, the pathology was resolved with conservative measures. 52.1% of patients required anticholinergics and 11.4% other therapies such as biofeedback. Conclusions: LUTD is a common disorder that may be underestimated. The prognosis is favorable in most cases but serious long-term complications such as renal failure may occur. The symptoms of LUTD can negatively affect the child’s psychosocial development. The advances in the knowledge of this pathology and the different patterns of dysfunction have allowed an advance in the treatment, making it more and more behavioral and preventive. Patients who do not improve with standard urotherapy recommendations should be referred to specific units for proper diagnosis and treatment

[Validation of the spanish version of the pediatric lower urinary tract symptoms scale (PLUTSS).] / Validación de la versión española de la escala de síntomas de malfunción del tracto urinario inferior en población pediátrica (PLUTSS).

OBJECTIVES: Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction (LUTD) is the most common clinical problem in pediatric urology. To our knowledge non-validated instruments properly designed to screen lower urinary tract symptoms in the pediatric population has been translated and adapted to Spanish population. Pediatric Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Score (PLUTSS) has proven to be a valid questionnaire for screening and evaluation of the response of children with LUTD to therapy. The aim of this study was to validate the PLUTSS questionnaire into Spanish, and put it to clinical use in pediatric patients, with cross-cultural equivalence to the original version. METHODS: The PLUTSS questionnaire was validated between February 2015 and February 2016. The Spanish version was obtained by using the forward/ back-translation method with expert, bilingual translator, complying with the ISPOR principles. The questionnaire was administered to 80 patients with either lower urinary tract symptoms (40) or without any urological complaints (40). A descriptive statistical analysis of interscale correlation was performed. To confirm reliability, testretest reliability was assessed by intra-class correlation coefficient, and the internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. ROC curve was used to define cutpoint and its validity in discrimination between groups. RESULTS: The median of the two groups was significantly different: 20.53 (patients with LUTD) vs 3.27 (controls). Internal consistence of the 13-item scale (without quality of life item) was high: Cronbach alpha coefficient 0.827. The test-retest analysis of reproducibility showed an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.997 (95%IC: 0.994-0.999) (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the PLUTSS questionnaire has proven to be acceptable and culturally equivalent to the original version. It has a good degree of consistency, validity and reliability. PLUTSS showed a high power to discriminate patients with LUTD.